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INTRO.TXT
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1994-05-15
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Introduction to the C Tutorial
C IS USUALLY FIRST
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The programming language C was originally developed by Dennis
Ritchie of Bell Laboratories and was designed to run on a PDP-11
with a UNIX operating system. Although it was originally
intended to run under UNIX, there has been a great interest in
running it under the MS-DOS operating system on the IBM PC and
compatibles. It is an excellent language for this environment
because of the simplicity of expression, the compactness of the
code, and the wide range of applicability. Also, due to the
simplicity and ease of writing a C compiler, it is usually the
first high level language available on any new computer,
including microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes.
C is not a good beginning language because it is somewhat
cryptic in nature. It allows the programmer a wide range of
operations from high level down to a very low level, approaching
the level of assembly language. There seems to be no limit to
the flexibility available. One experienced C programmer made
the statement, "You can program anything in C", and the
statement is well supported by my own experience with the
language. Along with the resulting freedom however, you take on
a great deal of responsibility because it is very easy to write
a program that destroys itself due to the silly little errors
that a good Pascal compiler will flag and call a fatal error.
In C, you are very much on your own as you will soon find.
I ASSUME YOU KNOW A LITTLE PROGRAMMING
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Since C is not a beginners language, I will assume you are not a
beginning programmer, and I will not attempt to bore you by
defining a constant and a variable. You will be expected to know
these basic concepts. You will, however, be expected to know
nothing of the C programming language. I will begin with the
most basic concepts of C and take you up to the highest level of
C programming including the usually intimidating concepts of
pointers, structures, and dynamic allocation. To fully
understand these concepts, it will take a good bit of time and
work on your part because they are not particularly easy to
grasp, but they are very powerful tools. Enough said about that,
you will see their power when we get there, just don't allow
yourself to worry about them yet.
Programming in C is a tremendous asset in those areas where you
may want to use Assembly Language but would rather keep it a
"simple to write" and "easy to maintain" program. It has been
said that a program written in C will pay a premium of a 20 to
50% increase in runtime because no high level language is as
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Introduction to the C Tutorial
compact or as fast as Assembly Language. However, the time
saved in coding can be tremendous, making it the most desirable
language for many programming chores. In addition, since most
programs spend 90 percent of their operating time in only 10
percent or less of the code, it is possible to write a program in
C, then rewrite a small portion of the code in Assembly Language
and approach the execution speed of the same program if it were
written entirely in Assembly Language.
Even though the C language enjoys a good record when programs are
transported from one implementation to another, there are
differences in compilers as you will find anytime you try to use
another compiler. Most of the differences become apparent when
you use nonstandard extensions such as calls to the DOS BIOS when
using MS-DOS, but even these differences can be minimized by
careful choice of programming constructs.
Throughout this tutorial, every attempt will be made to indicate
to you what constructs are available in every C compiler because
they are part of the accepted standard of programming practice.
WHAT IS THE ANSI-C STANDARD?
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When it became evident that the C programming language was
becoming a very popular language available on a wide range of
computers, a group of concerned individuals met to propose a
standard set of rules for the use of the C programming language.
The group represented all sectors of the software industry and
after many meetings, and many preliminary drafts, they finally
wrote an acceptable standard for the C language. It has been
accepted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and
by the International Standards Organization (ISO). It is not
forced upon any group or user, but since it is so widely
accepted, it would be economical suicide for any compiler writer
to refuse to conform to the standard.
YOU MAY NEED A LITTLE HELP
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Modern C compilers are very capable systems, but due to the
tremendous versatility of a C compiler, it could be very
difficult for you to learn how to use it effectively. If you are
a complete novice to programming, you will probably find the
installation instructions somewhat confusing. You may be able to
find a colleague or friend that is knowledgeable about computers
to aid you in setting up your compiler for use.
This tutorial cannot cover all aspects of programming in C,
simply because there is too much to cover, but it will instruct
you in all you need for the majority of your programming in C,
and it will introduce essentially all of the C language. You
will receive instruction in all of the programming constructs in
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Introduction to the C Tutorial
C, but what must be omitted are methods of programming since
these can only be learned by experience. More importantly, it
will teach you the vocabulary of C so that you can go on to more
advanced techniques using the programming language C. A diligent
effort on your part to study the material presented in this
tutorial will result in a solid base of knowledge of the C
programming language. You will then be able to intelligently
read technical articles or other textbooks on C and greatly
expand your knowledge of this modern and very popular programming
language.
HOW TO USE THIS TUTORIAL
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This tutorial is written in such a way that the student should
sit before his computer and study each example program by
displaying it on the monitor and reading the text which
corresponds to that program. Following his study of each
program, he should then compile and execute it and observe the
results of execution with his compiler. This enables the student
to gain experience using his compiler while he is learning the C
programming language. It is strongly recommended that the
student study each example program in the given sequence then
write the programs suggested at the end of each chapter in order
to gain experience in writing C programs.
THIS IS WRITTEN PRIMARILY FOR MS-DOS
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This tutorial is written primarily for use on an IBM-PC or
compatible computer but can be used with any ANSI standard
compiler since it conforms so closely to the ANSI standard. In
fact, a computer is not even required to study this material
since the result of execution of each example program is given
in comments at the end of each program.
RECOMMENDED READING AND REFERENCE MATERIAL
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"The C Programming Language - Second Edition",Brian W. Kernigan
& Dennis M. Ritchie, Prentiss-Hall, 1988
This is the definitive text of the C programming language
and is required reading for every serious C programmer.
Although the first edition was terse and difficult to read,
this edition is easier to read and extremely useful as both
a learning resource and a reference guide.
Any ANSI-C testbook
Each student should posess a copy of a book that includes a
definition of the entire ANSI-C specification and library.
Go to a good bookstore and browse for one.
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